IN BE HUSE.
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diet of guilty for the less offense, whenever the latter is included in the offense charged in the indictment. The general subject is discussed at length by Denio, J., in Dedieu v. People, 22 N. Y. 178. m conclusion he says: "In all these cases the indictment includes a true description ot the act done, and all the circumstances defining the meaning of the offense, and it adds to these the further circumstance, which, if proven, would raise the offense to the higher grade. Now, if the latter are not proved, there is yet no variance. A.s far as the proof goes, it conforms to the allegations. Simply, the whole indictment is not proved; but the principle applies that it is enough to prove so much of the indictment as shows that the defendant has committed a substantial crime therein specified." Page 184.
It seems to me that these observations precisely apply to the pres· ent case. The indictment is framed for the larger offense under section 5421 alone, in which the intent to defraud the United States is an essential ingredient. Without proof of that intent, but with the other allegations proved, the defendant, under the provisions of section 1035, though not guilty under section 5421, might be con· victed under section 4746, because it is a less offense of the same character, and is included within the higher offense under section 5421, described in the indictment. Motion denied. In re HUSE. (CirCUit Court of A.ppeals, Ninth Circuit. No. 338. February 23, 1897.)
1.
HABEAS CORPus-FEDERAL COURTS-CONFINEMENT OF INSANE PERSONS.
It is within the province of the state legislatures to determine the method of procedure for procuring the confinement of insane persons, and, if the steps provided have not been followed, the redress of persons imvroperly confined is by application to the state courts. The federal courts ought not, except in extreme cases, if at all, to interfere with the administration of such state laws by the issue of the writ of habeas corpus on the ground that an alleged insane person is restrained of his liberty in violation of the constitution of the United States. It is only in exceptional and urgent cases that the federal com-ts will interpose by the writ of habeas corpus to discharge prisoners held in custody under state authority.
2.
SAME-PeRsoNs CONFINED UNDER STATE AUTHORITY.
The petition of Charles E. Huse for the issuance of a writ of habeas corpus avers: That "he is unlawfully and forcibly imprisoned, and against his wlll detained, restrained of his liberty.and lawful rights, * * * in the Southern California State Insane Asylum for the Insane and Inebriates, at Highland, county of San Bernardino, state of California." That the facts upon which this charge is made are set forth upon information and belief, and are substantially as follows: On November 21, 1885, at Santa Barbara, Cal., the petitioner was "forciblY,maliciously, and unlawfully arrested without a warrant of arrest, * * * on malicious and false pretenses, such as that your petitioner was -dangerously iIl$ane, and dangerous to life and property." That it was "willfully, falsely, maliciously, collusively, and unlawfully, as this petitioner believes, pretended that this affiant was insane in such a high grade of madness of insanity that, * * * if allowed to remain unarrested and free, he would be in danger of destroying his own life or property, or the lives or property of others." That 79F.-20
806
79 FEDERAL REPORTER.
his arrest "was procured by collusion of one D. P. Hatch, then the only judge of the superior court of the county of Santa Barbara, state of Oalifornia, 'secretly associated with IXlrsons combined for the purposes of maligning willi guile, out of envy for fame's sake, and avarice, your petitioner, and to deprive him of his lawful rights." That he was never examined "by any physicians authorized by the provisions of section 2214 of the Political Code, nor at all." 'l'hat he was not examined before any magistrate of a court of record in any place, nor at any time, nor at all, In pursuance of the law of the land. That he was in February, discharged from the Napa Asylum. That on March 23, 1887, he was again unlawfully arrested, without any warrant of arrest, and reimprisoned in the Napa Asylum, contrary to law. That he was not examined by any physician, as provided by law. That in 1894 he was transferred to the Southern Oalifornia State Insane Asylum for the Insane and Inebriates, at Highland, county of San Bernardiino, without lawful authority. "That his civil rights have been unlawfUlly denied to him." That no legal complaint was made to authorize the warrant of arrest. That he "has been and is deprived of his lawful and constitutional rights * * * by said state of Oalifornia." That his examination was in open violation of both the federal and state constitutions, as well as the laws. "That he cannot enforce his lawful rights in the courts of the state of Oalifornia after due efforts." That the document in possession of the medical director of the Highland Asylum, by virtue of which the petitioner Is held, "is a forgery and counterfeited, in pursuance of the said collusion, in order to prevent this affiant to retrieve his liberty."
F. F. Gallardo, for the petitioner. Before GILBERT and ROSS, Circuit Judges, and HAWLEY, District Judge. HAWLEY, District Judge (after stating the facts as above). The facts set forth in the petition are not of such a character as to authorize this court to issue the writ. It is within the province of the state legislature to determine the method of procedure that should be followed in procuring the confinement of persons who have become insane to such an extent as to render them dangerous to the community, or to themselves, to be at large. If the steps provided for by the statute of the state have not been followed, the redress of persons who have been improperly confined without warrant or authority of law is by application to the courts of the state. The federal courts ought not, except in extreme cases, if at all, be called upon to interfere. Nearly all the averments in the petition are merely conclusions of law, and the petition might properly be denied because it does not state any facts which would authorize the issuance of the writ. It was never intended by congress that the courts of the United States should, by writs of habeas corpus, obstruct the ordinary administration of the criminal laws, or laws relating to the confinement of insane persons, through its own tribunals. In Ex parte Royall, 117 U. S. 241, 251, 6 Sup. Ot. 734, 740, the court, in considering the character of cases that would justify the courts of the United States by virtue of writs of habeas corpus to wrest the petitioner from the custody of the state officers, said: "We are of opinion that, while the circuit court has the power to do so, and may discharge the accused In advance of his trial, If he Is restrained. of his liberty in violation of the national cOllStitution, it is not bound in every case to exercise such a power immediately upon application being made for the writ. We cannot suppose that congress intended to compel those courts, by such means, to draw to themselves, in the first instance, the control of all criminal
307
prosecutIons commenced In state courts exercising authorIty within the same territorial limits, where the accused claims that he is held in custody in violation of the constitution of the United States. 'l'he injunction to heal' the case summarily, and thereupon to dispose of the party as law and justice require, does not deprive the court of discretion as to the time and mode in which it will exert the powers conferred upon It. That discretion should be exercised In the light of the relations existing, under our system of government, between the judicial tribunals of the Union and of the states; and In recognition of the fact that the public good reqUires that those relations be not disturbed by unnecessary conflict between courts equally bound to guard and protect rights secured by the constitution."
The principles as thus announced have been followed by the supreme court in a great number of cases. Ex parte Fonda, 117 U. S. 516, 6 Sup. Ct. 848; In re Duncan, 139 U. S. 449, 11 Sup. Ot. 573; In re Wood, 140 U. S. 278, 11 Sup. Ot. 738; In re Jugiro, 140 U. S. 291, 11 Sup. Ot. 770; Olok v. Hart, 146 U. S. 183, 13 Sup. Ct. 40; In T'P Frederich, 149 U. S. 70, 13 Sup. Ot. 793; New York v. Eno, 155 U. S. 89, 15 Sup. Ot. 30; Pepke v. Oronan, 155 U. S. 100, 15 Sup. Ct. 34; Bergemann v. Backer, 157 U. S. 655, 15 Sup. Ot. 727; Whitten v. Tomlinson, 160 U. S. 231, 16 Sup. Ot. 297. In the case last cited the court reviewed at length many of the authorities upon this subject, and it was there held that, as a general rule, the United States courts should not assume in advance that the petitioner could not obtain all the protection to which he might be entitled in the state courts. In that case the petitioner, a citizen of Massachusetts, was arrested and'" extradited from the state of Massachusetts upon a warrant issued by the governor of that state on application of the governor of Oonnecticut, upon the ground that the petitioner had been indicted for murder in the state of Oonnecticut; and the petition, among other things, alleged that no indictment was ever found against him by any grand jury sitting at any time within the state of Oonnecticut, and that the pretended indictment was found by mistake or misconception of the grand jury, and was not their true finding, and that petitioner was not, at the time of his extradition from Massachusetts, a fugitive from justice from the state of Oonnecticut. The court, in passing upon these questions, said: "Such matters are proper subjects of Inquiry In the courts of the state, but afford no ground for interposition by the courts of the United States by writ of habeas corpus. In re Wood, 140 U. S. 278, 11 Sup. Ct. 738; In re Wilson, 140 U. S. 575, 11 Sup. Ct. 870. · · · A warrant of extradition of the governor of a state, Issued upon We requisition of the governor of another state, a('colUpanied by a copy of an indictment, is prima facie evidence, at least, that the accused had been Indicted, and was a fugitive from justice, and, when the court in which the indictment was found has jurisdiction of the offense (which there is nothing In this case to Impugn), is sufficlent to make it the duty of the courts of the United States to decline interposition by writ of habeas corpus, and to leave the question of the lawfulness of the detention of the prisoner in the st.ate in which he was indicted, to be inquired into and determined, in the first Inslllllce, by the courts of the state, which are empowered and obliged, equally with the courts of the United States, to recognize and uphold the supremacy of the constitution and laws of the United States. Robb v. Connolly, 111 U. S. 624, 4 Sup. Ott 544; Ex parte Regg-el, 114 U. S. 642, 5 Sup. Ct. 1148; Roberts v. ReillY,116 U. S. 80, 6 Sup. Ct. 291; Cook v. Hart, 146 U. S. 183, 13 Sup. Ct. 40; Pearce v. Texas, 155 U. S. 311, 15 Sup. Ct. 116."
In the present case only questions of fact are presented: (1) Whether the petitioner was examined by physicians, as required by law; (2)