688
FEDERAL REPORTER.
vol. 57.
the executive department of the government cannot execute tlie orders of the judges directing .the deportation of OhinaDlen who failed to registerpursuallt to the provisions of section. 6 of the act of May 5, 1892, unless congress gi'ves it the money with which to send them away. Without the necessary funds, the executive department 'Would be manifestly powerless; and no judge, in my opinion,should order into custody, for deportation, any Ohinaman whom he judicially knows cannot be deported by the executive department, for want of the necessary means. Such a course would not only strongly tend to embarrass the adprlnistration, but, it is pertinent to ask, what, iIi that event, would become of such Ohinamen? They could not be put in the penitentiary at hard labor, as provided· by section 4 of the Geary act, for the reasons given in the recent opinion of the district court of this district in the case of U. S. v. Wong Dep Ken, j\p.dany unreasonable detention of them by the officers would doubtless entitle them to discharge on corpus. .!I,J. the case last mentioned the defendant writs of was found and adjudged to be unlaWfully in the United States, and was therefore.,ordered deported, and was deported by the executive department;$'d, nothing to the contrary appearing, it is to be presumed that the same department is possessed of similar means the deportation of any other Ohinaman or Ohinamen legally found and adjudged to be unlawfully in this country, and for that reason legally ordered to be deported. For these reasons, upon the proper verification of the complaint, the warrant for the arrest of the person complained oimust be issued.
IJNITED STATES
T.
OHUM SHANG YUEN.
(DIstrict Court, S. D. California. September 5, 1893.) OBno!:BB-FuNDB FOR DEPORTATION-JUDICIAL COGNIZANCE-NOTICE FROM AT
Congress having appropriated funds for the enforcement of the prov!.of the Geary act, a district judge should take judicial cognizance that there are funds for the enforcement of any or all of the sections of such act, and should order the deportation of a Chinaman who has not procured certificates of residence. as required by section 6. although the attorney general has In,formed such judge "that there are no funds to , execute the Geary law, so far 8S the same provides for the deportation I "of Chinamen who have not obtained certificates of residence," I
TORNEY GENERAL.
Proceeding for the deportation of Chum Shang Yuen for viola· tion of tbe sixth section of the Geary act. Order of deportation gl.'p.nted. . t· George J. Denis, U. S. Atty. G.'Wiley Wells, for defendant. ROSS, District Judge. Pursuant to tne provisions of section 13 of an act of congress entitled "An act to prohibit the coming of Chinese laborers to the United States," approved September 13,
UNITED sTATESV. CHUM SHANG YUEN.
589
1888, (25 Stat. p.4:76,) which section was not bnly hotrepeale<tby the act of May 5, 1892, commonly known as the "Geary Act," (Stat. 1891··93, p. 25,) but was thereby, in express terms, continued in force, and based upon a verified complaint charging the defendant with a violation of the provisions of the sixth section of the Geary act, a warrant was issued for his arrest, and made returnable before this court. Upon the calling of the case for hearing the district attorney presented to the court a telegram from the attorney general, a copy of which was placed on file, and which reads as follows: "Dated Washington, D. C. (Sept.) 2nd. "To U. S. Atty. Denis, Los Angeles, Calif.: I am advised by the secretary of the treasury that there are no funds to execute the Geary law, so far as same provides for deportation of Chinamen who have not procured certificates of residence. On that state of facts, circuit court of United States for southern district of New York made following order: 'Ordered, that blank be, and he hereby is, discharged from the custody of the marshal, and ordered to be deported from the United States whenever provision for such deportation shall be made by the proper authorities.' Ask court to make similar order in like cases. "Olney, Atty, Genl."
This communication was, no doubt, occasioned by the statement made in the opinion given at the time of issuing the warrant, to the effect that the warrant was issued in the absence of judicial knowledge on my part that the department of the government -charged with the duty of execliting the provisions of the Geary act was not provided with the necessary funds for the purpose, and that, were I so advised, no warrant for such offending Chinamen would be issued, nor order for their deportation made. These views were grounded in the fact that to do so would not only greatly -embarrass a co-ordinate branch of the government, which, without the necessary funds, would be manifestly powerless to send out of the country persons ordered to be deported, and in the further fact that such offending persons could not be constitutionally impr:soned at hard labor in the state prison, as provided by the fourth section of the Geary act, and because any unreasonable detention of them would entitle them to discharge from restraint by the very court ordering their deportation, or by any other court having the power to inquire, by writ of habeas corpus, into the illegal restraint of such persons of their liberty. Such a course is in no respect inconsistent with the entire independence of the judiciary. While, under our system of government, each of the great departments-executive, judicial, and legislative-is, within its proper sphere, wholly independent of the others, yet the design is that all shall work in harmony, and not at cross purposes. The provision of the statute in question is not a penal law. It was so decided by the supreme court in the case of Fong Yue Ting v. U. S., 149 U. S. 698,13 Sup. ct. Rep. 1016. Its enactment was the exercise of the political power by -congress to expel a certain class of aliens from the country, which -could be exercised, as was decided in the case cited, entirely through -executive officers, or through them with the aid of the judiciary. By neither method could the objectionable persons be sent away
.of ilielr deportaI therefore was said when awarding the no judge, in, IllY opinioIJ" should, order into custody, tordeB<1#ation, any whom he judicially lrnows cannot be deportep by the executive department, for want. of the necessary means. :But. the informj\tion ponveyed to the court through the attorney general is not that there are no funds available for the execution of the Geary act, that "there are no funds to execute the Geary law, so far as same provides for deportation of Chinamen who have not procured certificates of residence." That portion of the Geary act requiring such certificates to be proOUl'ed is the sixth section, and its validity having been sustainedby the supreme court in the case of Fong Yue Ting v. U. S., supra, it is as much a: pal'tof the Geary law as any other part of it. Any· .Chinese laboreI;'. violating its provisions, and thereafter remaining in' this country, is as much unlawfully here as if he smuggled himself into the country contrary to other provisions of the statute, for the simple reason that in each CRse the existing law makes the act unlawful. The violator of each is subject to deportation, and equally so.. No distinction eanbe legally made between the offenders,and lean see no valid ground for withholding a warrant for. the· arrest of any person properly charged with a violation of any of the provisiOns of the law in question, nor for denying an order for the deportation of any such person, proved, upon .aproperhearing, to have violated the law, in the absence ,of judiCIal knowledge that the' department of the government its provisions is not provided charged with tp.e duty of to execute such order. That with the necelJsary funds information, as has been said, is not conveyed by the communication from the attorney On the contrary, the clear inference to be drawn from it. isthllt there are funds available for the execution of the Geary law,other than its sixth section. The drawn between the different ofdistinction thus attempted to fenses denounced by the statute is, in my judgment, without authority of law, and my sense of duty obliges me to disregard it. Congress· made no such distinction in making, as it did, an appropriation for the enforcement of the provisions of the Geary act in the act of August 5, 1892, entitled "An act making appropriations for sundry civil expenses. of the government for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, eighteen hundred and ninety-three, and fOJ! other purposes," and inJ+lllking a similar appropriation for the same purpose in the of March 3, 1893, entitled "An act making appropriations for sundI'Y civil. expenses of the government for the fiscal yeaI' ending June thirtieth, eighteen hundred and ninety,fqur,and for other purposes." The provision first reto istound in United Stl.ltes Statutes at Large 1891--1898, (page 365,) and, is as follows:. ' "Enforcemen,t of the Ohlnese. act: To prevent unlawtul entry of Ohlnese Into the UnIted. States, by the appoIntment of suitable ,officers to enforce the laws In relatlontbereto, and tor expenses ot returning to Ohlna
·
UNITED STATES
v.
AH FAWN.
591
all Chinese persons found to be unlawfully in the United States, including the cost of imprisonment and actual expense of conveyance of Chinese persons to the frontier or seaboard for deportation, and for enforcing the provisions of the act approved May fifth, eighteen hundred and ninety-two, entitled 'An act to prohibit the coming of Ohinese persons into the United States,' one hundred thousand dollars."
And the appropriation for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1894, is found in the same volume, (pages 589 and 590,) and is as follows: "Enforcement of the Chinese exclusion act: To prevent unlawful entry of Chinese into the United States, by the appointment of suitable omcers to enforce the laws in relation thereto, and for expenses of returning to China all Chinese persons found to be unlawfully in the United States, including the cost of imprisonment and actual expense of conveyance of Chinese persons to the frontier or seaboard for deportation, and for enforcing the provisions of the act approved May fifth, eighteen hundred and ninety-two, entitled 'An act to prohibit the coming of Chinese persons into the United States,' fifty thousand dollars, together with the unexpended balance of the appropriation for this object for the fiscal year eighteen hundred and ninetythree."
The evidence in the case showing that the defendant is, and was at the time of the passage of the Geary act, a Chinese laborer residing in this state, and that he failed to register in accord· ance with the provisions of the sixth section of that act, and no excuse therefor being attempted to be shown, there will be findings accordingly, and an order that he be deported.
UNITED STATES v. AH FAWN. (Distrlct Court, S. D. California. September 18, l893.) No. 487. CHmESE..:...DEPORTATION-WUO ARE LABORERs-TREATY OF 1880-(10NsTRUCTION.
The words "Chinese laborers," as used in section 6 of the Geary act, (27 Stat. 25,) have the same meaning as in the treaty with China of 1880, (22 Stat. 826,) in which they are broad enough in their true meaning and intent to include Chinese gamblers and highbinders, since section 2 of the treaty by exclusion provides that no Ohinese should be entitled to the benefit of the general provisions of the Burlingame treaty (16 Stat. 739) but those who come to the United States for purposes of teaching, study, mercantile transactions, travel, or CUriosity.
At Law. Proceedings by the United States for the deportation of Ah Fawn for violation of. section 6 of the Geary act. Order for deportation granted. George J. Denis, U. S. Atty. A. B. Hotchkiss and F. J. Thomas, for defendant. ROSS, District Judge. The complaint in this case charges the .tefendant with a violation of the sixth section of the act of congress of May 5, 1892, commonly called the "Geary Act." It alleges that the defendant was at the time of the passage of the act a Chinese laborer within the limits of the United States, and en·