ERHARDT 11. HAHN.
273
is a violation of that law, relief from which is expressly left on habeas corpus with the courts of the United States. Rev. St. U. 8. § 753. Nothing was pending in the supreme court. The appeal had not only been dismissed, and the mandate sent down and filed, but the term had been adjourned without delay. In Jugiro, 140 U. S. 291, 11 Sup. Ct. Rep. 770. 'l'he judgment of this "''''urt was complete; the mandate left it as it was before, and nothing remained here undetermined. 'l'here was a final vr llischarge, not from the indictment, but only from that :\rrest. If the relator had departed pursuant to the arrest, \vould have done so subject to be reached again by extradition or to arrest again if he should come within the state. He was found within 8t.ate bemuse he had so involved himself that he could not get out of it pursuant to the judgment, and was arrested anew. This new arrest was not anything included by the judgment of dischal'ge. The pnlargement on bail was an incident to the appeal, and not :111.Y part of the judgment appealed from. That a person is under bail in one jurisdiction doe.s not prevent the person from being arrested and proceeded with for another purpose in another jurisdiction, although it might for the same purpose. 'l'aylor v. 'l'aintor, 16 Wall. 366. This court could nM try the relator for the perjury. The state court could, as soon as everything had been determined here on the habeas CO'l'pus, and the trial did not with the judgment of discharge. The former judgment was probablv erroneous, (Lascelles v. Georgia, [April 3,J 13 Sup. Ct. Rep. 687;) but as it was not in any way reversed, and remained in full force, the rela,tor is entitled to its full effeet as well as if it had been founded upon the best of reasons. Giving it that effect does not entit,le him to discharge here from his present confinement. Relator remanded.
ERHARDT v. HAHN. (Circuit Court of Appeals, Second Circuit. April 18, 1893.)
CUSTOMS DUTIES-"CUT" AGATE AND TIGER-EYE STONES-"PRECIOUB STONES."
Agate and tiger-eye stones, cut in parts, and ground into shapes of penholder handles and other articles, and known to the trade by the names of "agate penholder handles," "tiger-eye penholder handles." etc., are dutiable at 20 per cent. ad valorem, under the tariff act of 1883, as nonenumerated manufactured articles, and are not admissible duty free, as "agate unmanufactured," nor assessable at 10 per cent., under Schedule A of the same act, as nondutiable crude minerals which have been advanced in value by refining, grinding, or other processes, nor at 10 per cent., under Schedule N as "precious stones." 46 Fed. Rep. 519, reversed.
In Error to the Circuit Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York. Action by Rudolph C. Hahn against Joel B. Erhardt, collector of the port of New York, to recover duties illegally exacted. The circuit court directed a verdict for plaintiff, (46 Fed. Rep. 519,) and, from the judgment entered thereon, defendant brings error. Reversed. v.55F.no.2-18
274
FEDERAL REPORTER,
vol. 55 .
. a.'hmt GIt'eenwood, Asst; U.S. Atty., for.pla:intiff in e])ror. E:rerit Brown, for defendant in error. Bef6reWALLACE· and SHlP},fAN, Circuit Judges.
PER CuRIAM. The plaihtijf in error was defendant in the court below. The action was brought to recover duties illegally exacted by the defendant, as collector of the port of New York, upon certain importations of merchandise made by the plaintiffs in the year 1889. The merchandise was classified, and subjected to duties at the rate of 20 per centum ad valorem, as nonenumerated manufactured articles, under the provision for "all articles manufactured, in whole or in part, not herein enumerated or provided for," of section 2513 of the tariff act of March 3, 1883. The contention upon the trial· was whether this classification was correct, or whether the merchandise was free of duty, under the provision of the same act for "agate manufactured," contained in the free list; or, if not free of duty, was dutiable at the rate of of 10 per centum ad valorem under the provision of schedule A of the same act, for "all nondutiable crude materials, but which have been advanced in value or condition by refining or grinding, or by other processes of manufacture, not specially enumerated or provided for in this act;" or, if not free of duty, or not dutiable at 10 per centum ad valorem under the last-mentioned provision, was dutiable at 10 per centum ad valorem under the provision for "precious stones of all kinds," contained in Schedule N of the same act. According to the record the following facts appear: The merchandise in suit consisted of various articles, composed with few exceptions of agate, and, in case of these exceptions, of tiger-eye. Those of agate were made from crude agate, and those of tigereye from crude tiger-eye, by a process called "cutting," or, in other words, by first sawing these crude stones into pieces of the required sizes, and then grinding such pieces on sandstones or otherwise, and afterwards polishing the same so ground, into the shapes of, and for the uses respectively as, penholder handles, glovehook handles, shoe-hook handles, knife handles, paper weights, paper cutters, rollers for book binders, slabs for match boxes, and slabs for blotting papers. At and prior to March 3, 1883, the date of the passage of the tariff act in question, crude agate and tiger-eye were known in trade and commerce as "precious stones ;" but all the stones known to commerce as precious stones were bought .and sold under their respective descriptive names; and articles like. the imported ones were bong-ht and sold in trade and commerce, when made of agate, under the names of and as agate penholder handles,agategMve-hook handles, agate shoe-hook handles, agate knife handles, etc., and, when made of tiger-eye, under the names of and as tiger-eye penholder handles, tiger-eye glo:re-hook handles,etc. Agate like that of which the imported articles were composed was also made into carneos, ring stones, sleeve buttons,' pieces for earrings, and other articles used for jewelry purposes.
ERHARDT
v.
HAHN.
275
At tbe close of the evidence the defendant judge to instruct the jury to render a verdict in his favor on the ground that the plaintiff had not proven facts sufficient to entitle him to recover. The court refused, and the defendant duly excepted. Thereupon the plaintiff moved the court to instruct the jury to find a verdict in his favor. The judge granted the instruction, and ordered a verdict for the plaintiff. '1'0 these rnlings the defendant duly excepted. Error has been assigned of these rulings. It has been repeatedly decided, under the tariff acts, that where an article has been advanced through one or more processes into a completed commercial article, known and recognized in trade by a specific and distinctive name other than the name of the material, and is put into a completed shape designed and ada-pted for a particular use, it is deemed to be a manufacture. It is sufficient to refer to Hartranft v. 'Viegmann, 121 U. S. 60D, 7 Sup. Ct. Rep. 1240; Schrieffer v. Wood, 5 Blatchf. 215; Stockwell v. U. S., 3 Cliff. 284. The importations in question were therefore pro-perly classified and subjected to duty by the collector as artides manufactured in whole or in part, if they were not otherwise enumerated or provided for by the tariff act of March 3, 1883. Clearly none of them were "agate manufactured." Nor were they "crude minerals advanced in value or condition," etc., beeause that term applies to minerals in a state of preparation for manufacturing uses before they have reached the condition of a manufactured article. 'Ve agree with the learned trial judge that the real question in the case is whetb.\'!i" they were "precious stones," within the meaning of Schedule N of t1:J.e act, and therefore enumerated otherwise than as manufactured articles. Undoubtedly, agate stones and tiger-eye stones are "precious stones," within the common acceptation of the term; certainly, SOllle varieties of them are; and of course they were known in trade and commerce, as to the lexicof:,rraphers, by that generic term. But it does not follow that agate penholder handles, agate shoe-hook handlf's, etc., I are the precious stones of the statute. If it could be shown that these articles, at the date of the tariff act, were bought and sold i as precious stones, or were commercially known as such, then ,no doubt thev would have to fall under that classification for duty. Not only had these articles no such cOlllmercial designation, but the stones themselves, when imported in the form of stones, were bought and sold as were rubies, diamonds, and other precious stones, by their respective distinctive names. 'Ve think the term as used in Schedule N applies to all stones known as precious, whether in their original condition, or advanced beyond it by cutting, polishing, etc., so long as they remained "stones" in the commercial sense of the word. As the importations fall aptly under the description of manufactured articles, and not under that of precious stones, they were properly classified for duty by the collector, and a verdict should have been ordered for the defendant. The judgment is reversed.
276
FEDERAL REPORTEI;,
vol. .55.
In re COLLECTOR OF CUSTOMS, (SHERMAN et aI., Importers.)
(Cireuit Court of Appeals, Second Circuit. April 18, 1893.) CUS"'O\fS DUTIES-POWEIlS OF BOARD m' Arl'IlAIsERS.
The board of general appraisers cannot go out8ide of the protest of the importer against an a8se8sment by the eol1ector, and find that the imported gOOd8 are dutiable as a class other than that specified in the protest. 49 Fed. Uep. 224, affirmed.
Appeal from the Circuit Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York. Sherman, Cecil & Co. protested against an assessment by the collector of the port of New York. 'fhe protest was sustained by the board of general appraisers. Their decision was reversed by the circuit court, (49 FE'd. Rep. 224,) and the protestants appeal. Affirmed. vVm. Forse Scott, for appellants. Thos. Greenwood, Asst. U. S. Atty. Before WALLACE anti SHIPMAN, Circuit Judges. WALLACE, Circuit ,Tndge. This is an appeal from a judgment of the circuit court reversing a decision of the board of general appraisers. October 6, 1890, the appellants imported into the port of New York certain nWl'chandise, which was classified for duty and duty exacted thereon by the collector of eustoms at the rate of 60 per centum ad valorem, as "textile fabrics, embroidered by hand or machinery," under naragraph 373 of the tariff aet of October 1, 1890. The importer!", being dissatisfied with the elassification, within 10 days after the liquidation of duties protested, ting forth in their notice, al'J the reason for their objection to the decision of the collector, that the merchandise should have been classified "under Sclwdule I, paragraph 346, as cotton doth, bleaehed, eounting over one hundred threads, and under one hundred and fifty threads, to the square inch, valued at over 10 cents per sq,Iare yard, and subjected to duty at 40 per eentum ad valoI·em." 'The board of general after hearing testimony, decided that the merchandise was not "textile fabrics, embroidered by hand or machinery," and b".d therefore been improperly classified for duty; that it was not "cotton cloth, bleached, countIng over one hundred threads, and unn.er one hundred and fifty tll1;eads, to the square inch, and valued at OVd 10 cents per square yard," as claimed by the importers; and that it was a "manufacture of cotton not specially provided for," dutiable, under paragraph 355 of the same t<lriff act, at 40 per centum ad valorem. They accordingly ordered a reliquidation of the entry. From that decision the collector a.ppealed to the circuit court. At the hearing in the circuit conrt importers moved for leave to amend their protest so that it might accord with the deeision of the board of general appraisers, by stating as an additional objection to the decision of the collept, or tha.t the merchandise should have been classified as a "man-